You people talk against the Government and persons educated in Germany and Bengal talk sedition. Paperback - October 15, 2006. [79][80][81][82] Many Indians blamed O'Dwyer, and while Dyer was never assaulted, O'Dwyer was assassinated in London in 1940 by an Indian revolutionary, Sardar Udham Singh in retaliation for his role in the massacre. I shall report all these. When General Dyer Throop was born on 17 September 1738, in Norwich, New London, Connecticut Colony, British Colonial America, his father, Reverend Benjamin Throop, was 26 and his mother, Sybil Dyer, was 23. Aidan is a grandson of Howard and Maureen Sprau and Jim and Karen Dyer. Gandhi will not lead India to capable self-government. British General Reginald Dyer had ordered his troops to open fire on thousands of unarmed men, women, and children who had gathered in Amritsar on April 13, 1919, to peacefully protest against the arrest and deportation of two nationalists - Satya Pal and Saifuddin Kitchlew. Gen. Dyer : My intention was to inflict a lesson that would have an impact throughout all India. The Bagh-space comprised 6 to 7 acres (2 to 3ha) and was walled on all sides, except for five entrances. Actually, we opened the air bases there at Iwo Jima before we had officially captured Iwo Jima [16 March 1945]. Not just General Dyer, who was the chief perpetrator of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, but the entire British Empire became an object of hatred among Indians. A Celebration of Life will be . He was. They were being planned simultaneously. President Tyler, who served one term, fathered 15 children. Otherwise the shops will be opened by force and rifles. Major General Dyer was initially commissioned in the U.S. Air Force and served on the Base Engineering Staff at Lowry AFB, CO. The submarines did a wonderful job, but a submarine has a limited speed and the plane has to ditchand people get lost in ditching and all that sort of thing. Colonel Reginald Edward Harry Dyer CB (9 October 1864 - 23 July 1927) was a British Indian Army officer who, as a temporary Brigadier general, was responsible for the Jallianwala Bagh massacre in Amritsar (in the British Indian province of Punjab). [7]:392, Dyer acquired a farm at Ashton Fields, Ashton Keynes, Wiltshire, which was still given as his address when he died,[70] although in 1925 he had bought a small cottage at Long Ashton on the outskirts of Bristol and spent his last two years there, while one of his sons lived at the farm.[71]. Udham Singh was hanged 4 months later. The General Dyer-led massacre at Amritsar's Jallianwalla Bagh, in the year 1919, left a permanent scar on the hearts of millions of Indians but it was one survivor who waited 21 years for vengeance by killing the main man who held responsible for the disaster- the then lieutenant governor of Punjab Province, General Michael O'Dyer. Some . [7], The Morning Post remembered him in an article titled "The Man Who Saved India" and "He Did His Duty" but the (Liberal) Westminster Gazette wrote a contrary opinion: "No British action, during the whole course of our history in India, has struck a severer blow to Indian faith in British justice than the massacre at Amritsar. See: A Saga of Freedom Movement and Jallianwala Bagh, Udham Singh, 2002, p 149, Prof (Dr) Sikander Singh; Report of Commissioners, Vol I, II, Bombay, 1920, Reprint New Delhi, 1976, p 11.; "Some Indians crawl face downwards in front of their gods. The mutineers had thrown out the challenge and the punishment, if administered at all, must be complete, unhesitating and immediate. "[32] Later, Dyer's own testimony revealed that the crowd was not given any warning to disperse and he was not remorseful for having ordered his troops to shoot. To some Dyer was the saviour of India, responding decisively to threatened insurrection, but to many in India, including Ganhdi and . [59], During the Dyer debates in the Parliament of the United Kingdom, there was both praise and condemnation of Dyer. He has been called "the Butcher of Amritsar",[2] because of his order to fire on a peaceful crowd. He might loathe the creatures, but they were still his property. [26]:237, The shooting of protesters resulted in a mob forming and returning to the city centre of Amritsar, setting fire to government buildings and attacking Europeans in the city. The Roman Catholic Archbishop of Simla in a letter to the Times on Wednesday declared his belief that General Dyer had saved India. Amit Shah is a traitor, Hardik a patriot: Arvind Kejriwal. Ordering his soldiers to the spot, he blocked all the exits. Asian-American & Pacific Islander Heritage, Hosted by Defense Media Activity - WEB.mil. Government of India, External affairs Department, File No 1940, Newspapers (Secret), p 2, "DYER C. B. Reginald Edward Harry of Ashton Fields Ashton Keynes Wiltshire died 23 July 1927 at St Martin's Long Ashton near Bristol" in Probate Index for 1927 at probatesearch.service.gov.uk, accessed 17 April 2019, "The 'Evil Cottonian' who let the school down", "News from the archives: a recent accession", "What will be history's verdict on the Ramlila maidan eviction? Colonel Reginald Edward Harry Dyer was the temporary brigadier-general in Punjab during the same time, who ordered his troops to shoot at the group of people gathered at the Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar. And they could land and be picked up, and many of them were. As a flag officer, he commanded Cruiser Division 10; United Nations Blockade and Escort Force (Task Force 95) during the Korean War; Training Command Pacific Fleet, and the Eleventh Naval District. The firing went on for about 10 minutes killing and wounding hundreds including children. Today is April 13th. O'Dwyer was assassinated by Udham Singh inside Caxton Hall, Westminister, London on March 13, 1940. The estimate of people who were to be lost at Iwo Jima [2,500] actually was about half of what it turned out to be. You would see the advantages if you could knock out one of those Japanese air bases (Iwo Jima). Neither shall I move to the right nor to the left. His detractors consequently called him His Accidency.. He was presented with a gift of 26,000 sterling, a huge sum in those days, equivalent to 1,111,060 in 2021, which emerged from the fund raised on his behalf by the Morning Post, a conservative, pro-imperialist newspaper which later merged with the Daily Telegraph. . He was arrested for the killing. Learn more. His brigade relieved the garrison of Thal, for which he was again mentioned in dispatches. DYER David Conrad Dyer on Wednesday, February 25, 2015, returned home to our Heavenly Father. 2. A good many of the B-29s were getting either minor damage or severe damage, during the time they were over the Japanese Empire. [41][42] The order was not required at night due to a curfew. While John Tyler was a slave owner, his great-granddaughter Susan Tyler said her father and late mother, Lucy Jane Pope Tyler, championed civil rights. General Dyer was born in Alexandria, La., in 1931. Dr. Mason: It also shows the vast increase in production of material. The Jallianwala Bagh massacre took place in the context of . So that over a long period of time, Iwo Jima served as a tremendous rescue station of our B-29 effort against Japan. You will have to obey my orders and observe peace. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Hardik-led Patidar Anamat Andolan Samiti (PAAS) had many times referred to Amit Shah as "General Dyer", holding him responsible for the police firing. [26]:237239 They hid the teacher, who was hurt in the beating, before moving her to the fort. Jallianwala Bagh massacre by the British was one of the worst events in the history of India. . Alternate titles: Reginald Edward Harry Dyer. For more relevant articles, refer to the following links: Jallianwala Bagh Massacre Leader of the Liberal Party and former Prime Minister. And it made the Air Force assault on Japan a lot better, because the airmens morale was raised, in that they had for some time submarines scattered along that route from the mainland of Japan back to the Marianas. His lengthy and impressive military career has included several deployments to Iraq and Afghanistan. General Dyer: the butcher of Amritsar. Yusuf alias Ismail was a close friend of the victim's father and would often take the girl child out to buy her something. [70], A fictionalised account of Dyer's actions in Amritsar is contained in the 1981 Booker Prize winning novel Midnight's Children, by author Salman Rushdie (see List of Midnight's Children characters). [34], The Hunter Commission report on the incident, published the following year by the Government of India, criticised both Dyer, and the Government of the Punjab for failing to compile a casualty count, so quoted a figure offered by the Sewa Samati (A Social Services Society) of 379 identified dead, comprising 337 men, 41 boys and a six-week-old baby,[4] with approximately 1,100 wounded, of which 192 were seriously injured. It is only to an enlightened people that free speech and a free press can be extended. He would always reply, Im not that old and he would laugh. However, Gandhi did not approve of this attack on Dyer. It commenced with "India does not want self-government. Admiral Dyer: We didnt anticipate the ferocity of the Japanese defense. On April 13 1919, General Reginald Dyer marched a squad of Indian soldiers into the Jallianwala Bagh, a large enclosed public space in the holy city of Amritsar, and opened fire without warning on a crowd gathered to hear political speeches, leaving over 200 dead. General Dyer, on the other hand, suffered a series of strokes and died of cerebral haemorrhage and arteriosclerosis on the 23rd of July, 1927. A few years later, a friend wrote to Gandhi to inform him about Dyers deteriorating health condition. The people were trapped like rats, and fired upon without warning or any order to disperse. On April 13, 1919, thousands of people gathered at the Jallianwala Bagh to mark the festival of Baisakhi, in defiance of a ban on public gatherings. [47], The Morning Post claimed Dyer was "the man who saved India" and started a benefit fund which raised over 26,000 sterling. [31], Dyer is reported to have, from time to time, "checked his fire and directed it upon places where the crowd was thickest",[31] not because the crowd was slow to disperse, but because he "had made up his mind to punish them for having assembled there. Although he was widely known as "General Dyer", in reality he was not so. Dyer served in the latter in the Black Mountain campaign (1888), the Chitral Relief (1895) (promoted to captain in 1896)[16] and the Mahsud blockade (190102). Following graduation from law school, he was commissioned in the. Dr. Mason: Thats a very interesting point. "[65], Collett, in his book, portrays Dyer as a man who got on extremely well with his men and his juniors, while his contemporaries and seniors were always wary of him. Translations in context of "GENERAL DYER" in english-hindi. Sympathy messages can be left for the family at www.sandfuneralservice.com. Snyder & Hollenbaugh Funeral & Cremation Services of Muscatine are caring for Richard's arrangements. It made Okinawa a lot more possible than it would have been, had the Japanese still held Iwo Jima. Now he's going to delve deeper into his royal roots in. In other words, that we had closed in and that nothing except defeat was going to happen as far as Japan was concerned. Moreover, proper warning had to be given. Main article: Peter Harris Dyer/Gallery Susan Tyler said her father took the familys fame in stride. The killings turned out to be a catalyst in the history of Indias independence movement, consolidating the Indian opinion. The houses did not have any back doors and the inhabitants could not go out without climbing down from their roofs. The massacre tragedy scarred him like the millions of Indians and so he made up his mind from the very next second to take vengeance by eliminating General Michael ODyer. 4:08 AM EDT, Fri October 9, 2020. Was it useful in the scheme of things and worth the cost? A good many of those planes that made it up to Japan, dropped their bombs, and started home, never made it home. It would have been impossible to have done the Iwo Jima operations and then, as had happened before in our Pacific campaign, go back to Guam or Pearl Harbor or, where we might want to go, and plan the next operation. The British in India exploded at the proposal of the Ilbert Bill. And you should visualize the island of Okinawa as being a center for Japanese air attacks considering those from Kyushu, which was to the north, and those from Iwo Jima, which was to the east, and those from China, which was to the west. For Lyon Gardiner Tyler Jr., who died September 26, two generations stretched to a century earlier, when steam locomotives ruled the land and his grandfather was 10th president of the United. Even after shooting the target, Udham Singh did not escape from the spot. Bihar Police misbehaves with and arrests father of a soldier who died in Galwan Valley clash, Deputy CM Tejaswhi Yadav gives clean chit to One by one, Kejriwals confidantes who wanted to fight corruption ended up leaving him or becoming accused of it, Jailed Delhi ministers Manish Sisodia and Satyendra Jain both resign from their posts in state cabinet, Manish Sisodias bail plea rejected by SC in Delhi liquor scam case, asked to approach HC, AAP leaders used liquor policy to exploit money to fight elections with Khalistani help, says Gautam Gambhir, Ehsan Jafri fired his gun and provoked the mob that killed him, court said. Further, condemning the outrage against the British General and defending General Dyer, Gandhi wrote, the fury that has been spent upon General Dyer is, I am sure, largely misdirected. Dyer was brigade commander at Jalandhar, southeast of Amritsar, in early 1919. He was employed by 511 Esplanade Properties and had . The two leaders were arrested under the notorious Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act of 1919, popularly known as the Rowlatt Act, which gave the British governmentenormous powers to suppress political activitiesand allowedthe detention of political prisoners without trial for two years. A younger brother is among his survivors. He was told later by the Commander-in-Chief in India, General Charles Monro, to resign his post and that he would not be reemployed. [62], Dyer wrote an article in the Globe of 21 January 1921, entitled, "The Peril to the Empire". [3] Some submissions to the official inquiry suggested a higher number of deaths. : Okinawa. He was preceded in death by his father, William Harold Dyer. On April 13, 1919, as thousands of men, women and children gathered at the Jallianwala Bagh, General Dyer commanded his troops to open fire leaving, as per the official figures, 379 people dead at the spot and roughly more than 1,200 were badly injured. ", "Amritsar: Minutes of Evidence taken before the Hunter Committee", Home Political, 23 Sept 1921, No 23, National Archive of India, New Delhi, "Jallianwala Bagh massacre: When a British newspaper collected 26,000 pounds for General Dyer", "History repeats itself, in stopping short", "Were we right in accepting, as we have done, the conclusion of the Army Council as terminating the matter so far as Colonel Dyer was concerned, or ought we to have taken further action of a disciplinary or quasi-disciplinary character against him? Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Major General Dyer is married and has two daughters. Following Churchill's speech defending the council's decision and a debate in Parliament, on 8 July 1920 MPs voted for the government by a majority of 247 to 37; a motion calling for approval of Dyer's actions was defeated by a majority of 230 to 129. Dyer used his influence as a military officer to force Sundar Singh Majithia and the priests of the Golden Temple at Amritsar to present him with a siropa - an honourary turban and sword. Finally, on Dyer's return to England in disgrace in 1920, his lawyers argued that his actions, though deliberate and premeditated, were justified because he was facing an insurrection and that, on those grounds, any amount of firing was permissible. General Dyer, who had been in the city since 11 April, spent the morning marching around the city, reading a proclamation forbidding the residents from leaving the city or gathering in. Michael ODwyer was the Lieutenant Governor of Punjab, British India from 1913-1919. Login . For me the battlefield of France or Amritsar is the same. I will shoot them. General Michael ODyer charged Brigadier-General Reginald Edward Harry Dyer with the resposibility of restoring law and order.. So it had a tremendous psychological value through the officer strata of both Army, Navy, and Air Force of Japan. The following gentlemen will serve as pallbearers, Jacob Dyer, Gavin Dundore, Jeremy Dundore, Alan Gibson, Brad Gowder, J.W. The ferocity of their defense defies imagination, how hard they died. Even as the common Indians suffered pain, agony and despair after General Dyers action at the Jallianwala Bagh, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi the conscience keeper of the Congress party, strangely forgave the British General. For many Americans, going two generations back takes them to World War II. But the petition printed in ToI, from the European Association of India, had no doubts. You have committed a bad act in killing the English. I would have also liked to meet him personally and reach his heart, but that was to remain a mere aspiration., Whether NDTV or 'The Wire', they never have to worry about funds. His military education includes a Masters in Strategic Studies from the U.S. Army War College, as well as the Advanced Joint Professional Military Education course, U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, and the Judge Advocate Officer Basic and Advanced Courses. Four of the entrances were very narrow, admitting only a few people at a time. The firing finally stopped when the ammunition was exhausted. Coming from outside the city, they may have been unaware of the martial law that had been imposed. He persuaded himself it had been his duty to act as he did, but he could not persuade his soul that he had done right. In this excerpt from his U.S. News and opinion website that brings you reports and narrative from a perspective often ignored or suppressed by the mainstream media of India. Mahatma Gandhis writings reveal how he found it was morally right to forgive Dyer for the heinous crimes he committed in Amritsar by killing innocent and unarmed people. Anyone wishing to proceed in the street between 6am and 8pm was made to crawl the 200 yards (180m) on all fours, lying flat on their bellies. [29], The civilians had assembled at Jallianwala Bagh to participate in the annual Baisakhi celebrations which are both a religious and a cultural festival of the Punjabis. He graduated from Alexandria's Bolton High School in 1951 and from the U.S. Report of Commissioners, appointed by the Punjab Sub-committee of Indian National Congress, Vol I, New Delhi, p 68, Report of Commissioners, Vol I, New Delhi, p 105. Have you considered the implications of such beliefs? My dysentery, appendicitis and this time, a mild attack of paralysis must have been known to you. Tyler, 95, was the grandson of John Tyler, who served as president from 1841 to 1845. It showed, in my opinion, the great skill that our planners had acquired by that stage of the war, where they could well plan two different, difficult operations at the same time. You will have to report to me of the Badmash [criminals]. Additionally, he has the same voice actor as his grandson. The first of their three children, Gladys, was born in Shimla, India, in 1889. As a flag officer, he commanded Cruiser Division 10; United Nations Blockade and Escort Force (Task Force 95) during the Korean War; Training Command Pacific Fleet, and the Eleventh Naval District. Admiral Dyer: In my opinion, the Japanese always die hard. Ive always though, and I dont have any knowledge of this whatsoever, that the code name for the Iwo Jima operation, which was DETACHMENT, must have been framed by some planner who thought well just detach from Japan one of the main base areas which they had and which they could use to defend Okinawa. He became a grandad on Saturday after his eldest child welcomed her first baby, a little . The district magistrate, acting on orders from the Punjab government, had the two leaders arrested. Udham Singh who was 20 years old at the time of the Jalianwala Bagh massacre, soon travelled to East Africa ply his trade as a labourer before shifting himself to the United States of America, where he met members of the Ghadar Party which is a revolutionary group formed by immigrant Punjabi-Sikhs for Indias independence from British rule. [78] Some historians now believe he premeditated the massacre and set Dyer to work. [69], Many Indians, including Nobel Laureate Rabindranath Tagore, were outraged by the fund for Dyer, particularly due to the families of the victims killed at the Jallianwala Bagh, who were still fighting for government compensation. "[62], Historian Gordon Johnson comments that "Dyer's actions ran counter to Army regulations. Brigadier General Dyer previous assignments include: Assistant Judge Advocate General for Military Law and Operations (IMA), with duty at the Pentagon, a position held since from December 2017 to March 2020, with the exception of an 8-month deployment to Afghanistan, where he led the combined US, NATO, and coalition initiative to establish the Rule of Law within the Afghan National Army and the Afghan National Police, Deputy Commander East of the United States Army Reserve Legal Command; Commander, 153th Legal Operations Detachment; Deputy Chief of Staff, G-3/5/7 for the U.S. Army Reserve Legal Command; Staff Judge Advocate of the 335th Signal Command in East Point, GA; Staff Judge Advocate for the 3d Medical Command at Ft. Gillem, GA; deployment with the 416th FEC-SE as part of the 3d Infantry Division for the initial invasion of Iraq during Operation Iraqi Freedom; Staff Judge Advocate of the 416th Engineer Command's Facility Engineer Center, Southeast; and as first assignments after leaving Active Duty, he served in a variety of positions including Trial Counsel, Mobilization Officer, and Legal Assistance Attorney with the 213thLegal Support Organization. [4], Subsequently, Dyer was removed from duty and widely condemned both in Britain and India, but he became a celebrated hero among some with connections to the British Raj. To Winston, it might have been like someone killing off a thousand of his cattle in a dairy farm. Because the initial doctrine of the Japanese marines was to resist at the beaches. There were 3 or 4 small outlets in all and bullets were actually rained over the people at all these gates and many got trampled under the feet of the rushing crowds and thus lost their lives even those who lay flat on the ground were fired upon. Despite the best intentions of the best of you, you must, in the nature of things, humiliate us to control us. Corrections? Please contribute whatever you can afford. He died of cerebral haemorrhage and arteriosclerosis on 23 July 1927. General Reginal Dyer Commander of Amritsar Massacre Soon after Dyer's arrival, on the afternoon of April 13, 1919, some 10,000 or more unarmed men, women, and children gathered in Amritsar's Jallianwala Bagh (bagh, "garden"; but before 1919 it had become a public square) to attend a protest meeting, despite a ban on public assemblies. While he may have believed the Raj was threatened, and may have thought the mob was out to attack him and his soldiers, this does not justify his cavalier abuse of procedure and his indifference to Indian suffering. He was responsible for the Jallianwala Bagh massacre (13 April 1919) in Amritsar, in the British India province of Punjab. Who could be more cruel or blood-thirsty than the late General Dyer? wrote Gandhi, Yet the Jallianwala Bagh Congress Inquiry Committee, on my advice, had refused to ask for his prosecution. Between the titles "Butcher of Amritsar" and "Saviour of Punjab", Colonel Reginald Harry Edward Dyer remains to date, the most divisive figure of the massacre of April 13, 1919. But when we turned north, that was quite a different thing. [40], Dyer designated the spot as sacred where Marcella Sherwood was assaulted. He forced the manager of the Golden Temple, and Sunder Singh Majithia, to use their influence over the Sikhs, in favour of the government. William Dyre was one of the This page was last edited on 1 March 2023, at 07:38. In 1861 he was also appointed U.S. Deputy Surveyor for the State. "[63], However, in his account of the massacre Nick Lloyd comments that although Dyer later claimed to have undertaken the massacre to "save" British India, he had had no such idea in his mind that fateful afternoon. I had no trace of ill will against him in my heart. [72] On his deathbed, Dyer reportedly said: So many people who knew the condition of Amritsar say I did rightbut so many others say I did wrong. It is also being called one of the rare good biopics to have come out of India. Dyer was the great-grandson of George Washington Dyer, grandson of U. S. Navy Commodore George Leland Dyer (1849-1914), once territorial governor of Guam, and son of U. S. Navy Commander and Ivy League footballer George Palmer Dyer (1876-1948), who was born in Montevideo, Uruguay, where his father was stationed. I am a military man and I will go straight. In my opinion it was very much worthwhile. Omissions? 443). On April 13, 1919, as thousands of men, women and children gathered at the Jallianwala Bagh, General Dyer ordered his troops to open fire leaving, according to official figures, 379 people dead and nearly 1,200 more wounded. John Tyler was part of the Whig Party ticket in 1840. Major General Dyer earned his bachelor of science in Electrical Engineering from the Virginia Military Institute in 1985 and his law degree from the Cumberland School of Law at Samford University in 1992. You would have accomplished a one-third reduction of the ways in which you could be attacked by air when assaulting Okinawa. ), In World War II, then-Captain George C. Dyer served in the Mediterranean theater, was wounded at Salerno, then later took part in the Philippines, Iwo Jima, and Okinawa campaigns as commander of the USS, Studies in Marine Corps History and Amphibious Warfare, Studies in Naval History and Sea Power series. The bloodshed took place on April 13, 1919, during the festival of Baisakhi that killed hundreds of Indians fighting for freedom of the country. In name of saving democracy, they get money from various sources. He died from complications of Alzheimers disease. For instance, when we landed in the Marianas, there was no great fight at the beaches. I understand the Indian Sepoy and Sikh people very well. Naval Institute oral history, Vice Admiral Dyer offers some insights about the fight for Iwo Jimaits importance and its challenges. He related that when he was three or four, a woman asked, Are you going to be President when you grow up? He answered, Ill bite your head off. Then she asked, And what will you do with the bones? He told her, Ill spit em out!. Dyer went to Midleton College, County Cork between 1875 and 1881. The Indian people want no such enlightenment. A painting depicting the Jallianwala Bagh massacre. Funeral Service, on Tuesday, November 1, 2022, at 2:00 PM at Chapel of Cochran Funeral Home in Blairsville, with Rev Danny White officiating. [18] During the First World War (191418), he commanded the Seistan Force, for which he was mentioned in dispatches[19] and made a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB). In 1901 he was appointed a deputy *istant adjutant general. Admiral Dyer: Yes, and the personnel. 3, p.364 Dyer, Heman, clergyman, was born in Shaftsbury, Vt., Sept. 24, 1810; son of Henry and Sarah (Coy) Dyer; grandson of Edward and Elizabeth (Fish) Dyer, and a descendant of William an d Mary Dyre. He advocated non-violent civil disobedience and was forbidden by the authorities to speak publicly. It rotted his mind and, I am guessing here, added to his sickness. [64], Nigel Collett author of the biography The Butcher of Amritsar is convinced that the Amritsar massacre preyed on Dyer's mind from the very day he opened fire. The city of Amritsar had already been deeply frustrated over the arrests of national leaders. The US Army Drill Sergeant Academy is Hiring!!! He was manager of the farms and Ephraim Dyer was to prepare leases of acreage. Dr. Mason: The very ferocity of their defensedid this indicate their appreciation of our overall strategy? Hirschmann titled his history of the event White Mutiny, and at times it seemed like this might really happen. These required that force should be constrained by what was reasonable to achieve an immediate objective; minimum, not maximum, force should be deployed. [14][15] He was attached to the 39th Bengal Infantry, later transferring to the 29th Punjabis. The younger Lyon was a lawyer before turning to an academic career. They had gathered at Jallianwala Bagh, a walled area of unused land in the city of Amritsar in the Punjab. The family will receive friends at the . They had to ride two different horses at the same time. 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