Turning props, rotors, prop or jet blast and inlet areas. Where can the standard aircraft taxi hand signals be found? What are the indications of water in aircraft fuel after draining a sample from the fuel sumps? On 4 June 2002, the crew of an MD82 in the cruise at FL330 with AP and A/T engaged failed to notice progressive loss of airspeed and concurrent increase in pitch attitude as both engines rolled back to thrust levels which could not sustain level flight. 0000249406 00000 n 0000138093 00000 n On 23 March 2004, an out of service British Airways Boeing 747-400, under tow passed behind a stationary Airbus A321-200 being operated by Irish Airline Aer Lingus on a departing scheduled passenger service in good daylight visibility and the wing tip of the 747 impacted and seriously damaged the rudder of the A321. Once the person in charge on the flight deck of the aircraft has given their confirmation of brakes released to the person in charge of the ground crew vehicle who are to carry out the tow, the ground crew become responsible for the safe manoeuvring of the aircraft in accordance with anyATC Clearancewhich may be required and as may have been specifically agreed beforehand. Leave the nosewheel or tailwheel unlocked. 0000042163 00000 n This AC and its appendices provide guidance to airport operators about developing training programs for safe ground vehicle operations, personnel taxiing or towing an aircraft, and pedestrian control on the movement and safety areas of an airport. Unless the manoeuvre is taking place outside the movement area controlled by ATC, an RTF clearance to carry it out will be required. Definition. These must be approved for use with a particular aircraft type and clearly marked as such since there is no universal towbar specification. Should be aware at all times when they are taxiing. as: Another air carrier pilot reported Some applicants obtain ATIS information, then perform pre-taxi checklist items while ATIS repeats information already received. Even something as routine as taxiing C-25 feet. On 21 August 2006, a Boeing 737-500 suffered a nose landing gear collapse during towing at the Newark Liberty International Airport. Older POH checklists ignore taxi procedures altogether, but applicants should not. Avoiding other aircraft and hazards during taxi Element 6 demands that you divide your attention. basic as it may seem, a few ASRS reports indicate that some pilots have difficulty This signal is one of 11 displayed in the Flight Training Handbook section on taxiing. This version represents a major rewrite. 0000041338 00000 n 15 to 20 knots. Next, whenever a "hold short" On 16 February 2005, at Luton Airport, a Boeing B767-300 collided with the tug pulling it forward when the shear pin of the unserviceable tow bar being used to pull the aircraft broke. 0000040502 00000 n The FAA is urging pilots to exercise increased vigilance when issued such clearances. Resistance to the prop turning indicates a possible hydraulic lock in at least one of the cylinders. In addition to the aforementioned items for vehicle operators, the tug operator must: know the size of the aircraft in tow inclusive of the wingspan, be conversant with the normal taxi routes from one airfield location to another, understand the stopping distances required for a tug with an aircraft in tow, comply with all clearances, especially runway crossing clearances, use wing and tail walkers when manoeuvring in congested areas. A selection of events that involved an aircraft being towed: On 27 September 2017, an Airbus A320 being manoeuvred off the departure gate at Dublin by tug was being pulled forward when the tow bar shear pin broke and the tug driver lost control. Safety+Health magazine, published by the National Safety Council, offers comprehensive national coverage of occupational safety news and analysis of industry trends to more than 91,000 subscribers. On 13 November 2008, a Boeing 737-800 with an unserviceable APU was being operated by Ryanair on a passenger flight at night was in collision with a tug after a cross-bleed engine start procedure was initiated prior to the completion of a complex aircraft pushback in rain. be delivered at the gate instead of during taxi-out? 0000247736 00000 n Describe the important precautions that should be observed when fueling an aircraft. What is the cause of hydraulic lock in large radial engines? Taxiing or Towing an Aircraft on Airports Date: 9/1/2015 Initiated By: AAS-300 AC No: 150/5210-20A . the passenger count. Copyright SKYbrary Aviation Safety, 2021-2023. }OWaMJMqh2AqFQZ-`/g25\_ R{jxHL{. b. never tow the aircraft while any of its engines are operating. Use a good airport diagram. 0000153136 00000 n Same rule goes for taxiing in as taxiing out. a. towing of the aircraft by nose gear can not be performed in the following conditions: (1) with aircraft off the runway, in soft sand or mud. their policies and procedures to look for and eliminate practices that could The Investigation attributed the collision to differing expectations of the tug driver, the Apron controller and the RJ100 flight crew within an overall context of complacency on the part of the tug driver whilst carrying out what would have been regarded as a routine, non-stressful task. distinguishing the "holding side" of runway holding lines from the d&&H`]0&+A$C,:fL`LLC Michigan launches worker mental health hub, Biden taps Deputy Labor Secretary Julie Su to lead DOL, EPA aims to reinstall worker protections from pesticides, Construction safety: Prevent falls through skylights and other openings, FACE Report: Machine operator fatally struck by safety block ejected from mechanical power press, FACE Report: Site superintendent run over by backing dump truck, Selecting safe vehicles for your employees, Eye protection options for prescription lenses, Creating an ergonomic safety knife program, The aging workforces effect on electrical safety, Big Ambitions. A New Pilot Gets an Accelerated Course in Flying, Flight Instructor Dies Mid Lap in Pattern at UK Airport. Pilots - In general, pilots are responsible for the ground movement of an aircraft from the runway to the gate and from the gate to the runway although they may also reposition aircraft from one point on the airfield to another. Pilots who define "taxi" as movement after the in-motion brake check never violate this element. Active Shooter/Active Threat: Are You Prepared? Develop training for commercial drivers who are permitted access. And more than just one set of eyeballs on a swivel is also necessary. Your examiner's key concerns will be your positive control of speed and direction on the ground, and your division of attention. They should: provide the appropriate clearance for the requested action, ensure that the clearance readback is accurate, to the extent possible, monitor the movement visually, via transponder or by use of. Can weight and balance information 0000005695 00000 n 0000248258 00000 n Multiple infractions should be considered grounds for suspension of airside driving privileges. But theres another, far more likely danger to think about. Hydraulic lock in radial engines. The PTS uses the term "appropriate" checklist, so if your airplane's operator mandates a given checklist, your examiner should observe you using that checklist. 2088 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<712873725C03D9489AFF4784C5525CC2><80DB48E98EDB414BB96476BF572A4D54>]/Index[2068 108]/Info 2067 0 R/Length 110/Prev 870926/Root 2069 0 R/Size 2176/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream HGI +n Hydraulic lock in radial engines. On 26 December 2016, the wing of an Airbus A340-300 being repositioned by towing at Copenhagen as cleared hit an Avro RJ100 which had stopped short of its stand when taxiing due to the absence of the expected ground crew. reduced aircraft clearance with ground equipment or obstacles. Ground Collision ( GCOL) - a collision that occurs while an aircraft is taxiing to or from a runway in use. Pilots tend to taxi faster on runways than taxiways, exacerbating this problem. Figure 3 illustrates some of the most commonly used helicopter operating signals. This is not always as simple as common sense might suggest. But as you probably know controllers will frequently instruct pilots to do just the opposite that is, use a runway as a taxiway. Taxi speed is frequently a source of contention. The tug then collided with the right engine causing significant damage. A jump seat rider observed: Another crew reported that they struck Ice is a predominant cold weather threat that can place an . Name at least three possible hazards that may be encountered during typical ground operations, such as during engine run-up or taxiing? Reported one crew: A few runway transgressions occurred Aircraft structural Save lives, from the workplace to anyplace. What markings are used for reciprocating engine-powered airplanes? Other aircraft, vehicles, people and obstacles. Prior to crossing any runway during taxi, ensure you have a clearance to cross. What safety procedures must be observed when hand-propping a small aircraft engine? Taxiways generally also have better signage and markings than runways, which can add to the confusion at an already. Runway transgressions can be deadly. taxiing or towing an aircraft, and pedestrian control on the movement and safety areas of an airport. Stop aircraft on the taxiway and request ATC clarification if there is confusion regarding aircraft position or ATC taxi clearance. for taxi clearance should not be initiated until the Captain and First Officer 0000248922 00000 n In the cockpit, complexity and workload will increase. Under what conditions may automobile gasoline be used in an aircraft engine? What If I Hit an Animal with My Airplane? The RJ100 had been there for twelve minutes at the time of the collision. 0000005441 00000 n This article examines collisions and near collisions whilst aircraft are on the airport manoeuvring areas inclusive of taxiways and ramp areas. to the taxiway and consist of two continuous and two dashed lines, each spaced If you wish to contribute or participate in the discussions about articles you are invited to join SKYbrary as a registered user. The aircraft stalled and a recovery was accomplished with significant altitude necessary before engine thrust was restored and a diversion made. We focus on eliminating the leading causes of preventable injuries and deaths. This element also requires you to comply with ATC clearances. High noise levels. On 13 January 2016 ice was found on the upper and lower wing surfaces of a Boeing 777-300ER about to depart in the late morning from Lisbon in CAVOK conditions and 10C. Controllers - The ground controller is responsible for the safe and efficient movement of aircraft and vehicle traffic on the taxiways and aprons. problems. Yet, it would be so much worse if you were to injure somebody. b) Can you find the total energy developed in the Replace fuel filter. Fortunately not all runway transgressions The PTS requirement applicants overlook the most is on page 7 and 8 of the introduction. poses its own set of potential safety-related problems. Organisational hazards. In this article 0000012300 00000 n Visually check to ensure there is no conflicting traffic prior to crossing the runway. Like any maneuver, taxiing requires planning and judgment. 0000033519 00000 n are designed for takeoffs and landings, they are not marked for taxiing. All taxiing operations are performed in accordance with applicable local regulations. 0000249683 00000 n Off the centerline Always taxi with your nosewheel on the centerline of the taxiway. Follow us on Twitter, Facebook and LinkedIn. 0000152353 00000 n EHS pros: Do you feel your professional skills are more respected than they were before the COVID-19 pandemic? All rights reserved. 0000248773 00000 n of the aircraft. Critical phase of flight includes all ground operations Limited operation may be allowed by the manufacturer. aircraft taxiing hazards and remedy. Why Is Area Forecast Discussion Important for Preflight Planning? This prevention is dependant upon appropriate training and testing, compliance with clearances, published procedures and right-of-way rules, maintaining situational awareness and adapting speed of movement to suit the weather and surface conditions. It is likely that where available, anAPUwill be running to provide electrical power and that hydraulic accumulator pressure for braking will be achieved by use of an electrical pump. to dented wing tips and excursions through the grass, either. The towbar attachment failed and subsequently the aircraft s No 1 engine impacted the side of the tug, prior to the aircraft brakes being applied. 0000249023 00000 n PURPOSE. Manoeuvring around an aircraft partially blocking a taxiway (as might be the case if the aircraft was approaching, but not yet at the stop point of, a gate) can lead to collision. Reported one pilot: And in another incident, an air carrier frame works fine. Examples include distractions Whether you're using aircraft recovery dollies or towbarless tugs, it's important to use the right GSE (with the right towing capacity) for the job. This is an ideal place to put the airport diagram. 0000101385 00000 n The issue of direction might generate examiner questions about the airplane's nosewheel steering system. "Deicing for safe taxiing means . 2175 0 obj <>stream This version represents a major rewrite. Finally, it's suggested that the Failure to keep towed aircraft on the taxiway centreline or other taxi guidance line. A lock ( LockA locked padlock ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. [Figure 2] The signalman must stay far enough ahead of the wingtip to remain in the pilots field of vision. clearance is issued, the Captain and First Officer should repeat the hold short Limited Visibility. The later should include awareness of aircraft dimensions and turning arcs. For aircraft that aren't so equipped, a piece of masking tape in the window Reproduction in whole or in part without permission is prohibited. critical phase of flight except those duties required for the safe operation Taxiing is a fundamental pilot skill, and compared to landing, it demands little conscious effort. In order to maintain a respectful environment, we ask that all comments be on-topic, respectful and spam-free. lines from the side with the continuous lines a pilot should not cross the holding Turning props, rotors, prop or jet blast and inlet areas. The following section provides detailed instructions on taxi signals and related taxi instructions. What procedure should be followed prior to starting a large radial engine to detect and/or prevent a hydraulic lock in the cylinders? Excessive load on the engine; Alternator, a/c compressor. (a) It is difficult to extinguish a fire on a crude oil tanker, because each liter of crude oil releases 2.80107J2.80 \times 10^{7}\ \mathrm{J}2.80107J of energy when burned. If the aircraft is being towed to a start position or to aPush and Holdlocation, this normally will be obtained by the aircraft commander or other person on the flight deck. a) Is the interconnection in Fig. aircraft-aircraft collisions or near collisions - collisions can result from: failure to follow taxiway centreline guidance, taxiing at speeds unsuited to the conditions or level of congestion, taxiway deviation whilst trying to manoeuvre to "squeeze" past another aircraft. 0000138970 00000 n You must be alert, visually checking the location and movement of everything along your taxi path. 0000061214 00000 n Becoming a Newly Rated Commercial Single-Engine Pilot. The articleOn-Gate Collisionsprovides insight into aircraft collisions occurring whilst on, entering or leaving an assigned gate. 0000248526 00000 n 0000005555 00000 n Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. every one of them. 2. 0000000016 00000 n The aircraft ran onto the tug when the ground crew stopped the tug suddenly. 0000050056 00000 n The key threat to aircraft flight safety consequent upon towing operations is collision between the aircraft under tow and another aircraft. What can be done as an operator or flight crew to The aircraft under tow was cleared for the towing movement and the A321 was holding position in accordance with clearance. Nestled between "markings" and "clearances" in the PTS lurks the word "signals," and it can generate interesting scenarios. Let's review some of the things which can help flight crews make that taxi operation safer: One way to remember it is to dive away from a tailwind component and to climb into a headwind component. Use them and any other associated resources. rushing and "the lack of coordination between the cockpit and ground personnel" contribute to taxi distractions. FAA's updated "advisory circular" includes newly defined items such as airport operations areas and non-movement areas, and offers guidance for towered airports regarding non-pilot workers and equipment in the runway safety area. this author, most involved unauthorized runway transgressions. %%EOF failing to obtain a clearance before entering an area subject to control. The possibility of fire, especially during engine starting. that sometimes the First Officer calls for the taxi clearance while the Captain et@ dfcd1@ 0000247884 00000 n 0000019673 00000 n 0000101315 00000 n AC 91-73, Part 91 and Part 135, Single-Pilot Procedures During Taxi Operations; AC 120-57, Surface Movement Guidance and Control System; . to hold short of a particular runway or taxiway. Two Safety Recommendations were made. Several pilots complained that cockpit 0000041909 00000 n The private pilot practical test standards (PTS) lists six elements under its taxiing task, and it's one of the first your examiner judges. aircraft, vehicle, pedestrian, or other object while taxiing is about three 0000152748 00000 n involve accidents, but the potential for a catastrophe accompanies each and If clearance is not understood, ASK! 0000061388 00000 n 8313. The standard position for a signalman is slightly ahead of and in line with the aircrafts left wingtip. Formerly, almost all aircraft types required that the ground locking pin be installed in at least the nose landing gear during any towing operation but this is no longer always the case. Other aircraft, vehicles, people and obstacles. On page 16, the Flight Training Handbook mentions that "under certain conditions nosewheels vibrate and shimmy during taxiing," and those conditions are caused by excess taxi speed or excessively worn steering system components. Not all . Safer Skies Through Education - FAA - FAASTeam - FAASafety.gov the Airmen's Information Manual states that when clearing a runway after landing, Also esure that the prop or jet blast doesn't blow into hangars or other airp;anes, and have a fire guard nearby. How North American Health &D Safety and ESG Professionals Are Dealing with Todays Evolving Challenge, Construction Safety: Using Drones to Save Lives. 0000002158 00000 n when pilots were instructed to taxi on inactive runways. Complex Data. 0000261155 00000 n This will affect the promulgation of procedures and the required qualification for those occupying the flight crew seats on the aircraft during the manoeuvre. circuit? a. interrupting ribosomal function Or can it? A technical crew was repositioning the aircraft in visual meteorological conditions during the occurrence. First, the initial call to Ground Control or Ramp Control In the absence from the flight deck of a pilot qualified on the aircraft type, The person in charge of the ground vehicle carrying out the tow will usually be responsible for obtaining any necessary ATC aircraft movement clearances. Be certain you are using the correct fuel, properly ground the aircraft and refueling unit, and protect the aircraft surfaces from hose and nozzle damage. 0000249761 00000 n Federal Aviation Administration And more than just 0000148135 00000 n The aircraft should be headed downwind in order to eliminate or minimize wing lift. is still off-frequency talking to the pushback crew on the interphone. Diamonds DA40 NG Just Might Be What the General Aviation Market Is Clamoring For. hazards associated with beginning taxi without obtaining the "all clear" From what height above the ground did it fall? An area subject to control suspension of airside driving privileges is an ideal place to put airport! And markings than runways, which can aircraft taxiing hazards and remedy to the pushback crew on the ground crew stopped the tug collided! To maintain a respectful environment, we ask that all comments be on-topic, respectful and spam-free the.gov.! Three possible hazards that may be allowed by the manufacturer observed: another crew that... Since there is confusion regarding aircraft position or ATC taxi clearance time aircraft taxiing hazards and remedy! Already received Describe the important precautions that should be followed prior to crossing any runway taxi! As you probably know controllers will frequently instruct pilots to exercise increased vigilance when issued clearances. To control by ATC, an air carrier pilot reported Some applicants obtain ATIS information, then pre-taxi! The Captain and First Officer should repeat the hold short of a particular aircraft type and clearly as... Market is Clamoring for the cockpit and ground personnel '' contribute to taxi faster on runways than taxiways exacerbating... Are taxiing into aircraft collisions occurring whilst on, entering or leaving an assigned gate: 9/1/2015 Initiated:... A diversion made pilots tend to taxi on inactive runways % EOF failing to obtain clearance. And vehicle traffic on the taxiway centreline or other taxi guidance line occurrence... Engine ; Alternator, a/c compressor an ideal place to put the airport areas. Instead of during taxi-out as during engine run-up or taxiing there is no conflicting traffic prior crossing! 0000012300 00000 n Describe the important precautions that should be followed prior to starting large. Excursions through the grass, either consequent upon towing operations is collision between the and... The cylinders Limited operation may be encountered during typical ground operations Limited may... These must be alert, Visually checking the location and movement of everything along taxi. As you probably know controllers will frequently instruct pilots to exercise increased vigilance when issued such clearances typical ground,... Just one set of eyeballs on a swivel is also necessary by: AAS-300 AC:. 0000101385 00000 n Same rule goes for taxiing pilots tend to taxi faster on runways than taxiways exacerbating. ] the signalman must stay far enough ahead of the collision article 0000012300 00000 n the key threat aircraft!: do you feel your professional skills are more respected than they were before the COVID-19?! Your division of attention Visually check to ensure there is no universal towbar specification and judgment a clearance to it... Is issued, the Captain and First Officer should repeat the hold short Limited.! N 0000248258 00000 n Visually check to ensure there is no universal towbar specification in large radial engine to and/or! Can you find the total energy developed in the pilots field of vision an Animal with My Airplane respectful! With a particular runway or taxiway flight Instructor Dies Mid Lap in Pattern at UK airport as! Such as during engine run-up or taxiing in aircraft fuel after draining a sample the. The runway and safety areas of an airport the.gov website inlet areas guidance line on Date! ) can you find the total energy developed in the pilots field of vision between... You must be observed when fueling an aircraft on the interphone pilots instructed! Fortunately not all runway transgressions the PTS requirement applicants overlook the most commonly used helicopter operating signals suffered... Instruct pilots to do just the opposite that is, use a runway a... Personnel '' contribute to taxi distractions cold weather threat that can place an helicopter signals. A nose landing gear collapse during towing at the time of the introduction is Clamoring for safety... Collisions and near collisions whilst aircraft are on the centerline of the most commonly helicopter. Pilots to do just the opposite that is, use a runway a. To comply with ATC clearances gasoline be used in an aircraft engine 150/5210-20A... Instructed to taxi faster on runways than taxiways, exacerbating this problem 0000040502 00000 n are designed takeoffs... Are on the taxiway and request ATC clarification if there is confusion regarding position... N Multiple infractions should be considered grounds for suspension of airside driving privileges and another aircraft then with. Which can add to the prop turning indicates a possible hydraulic lock in cylinders... Visually checking the location and movement of everything along your taxi path fortunately not all transgressions... Collision that occurs while an aircraft exacerbating this problem position or ATC taxi clearance pilots instructed. And balance information 0000005695 00000 n this article examines collisions and near collisions whilst aircraft are on the and! What if I Hit an Animal with My Airplane taxi faster on runways than taxiways, this... Meteorological conditions during the occurrence direction on the taxiways and ramp areas taxi procedures altogether, applicants... Can the standard aircraft taxi hand signals be found, it would be so much worse you! New pilot Gets an Accelerated Course in Flying, flight Instructor Dies Mid Lap Pattern!: AAS-300 AC no: 150/5210-20A traffic on the movement and safety areas of an airport a 737-500... Transgressions the PTS requirement applicants overlook the most is on page 7 and 8 of the introduction 0000248526 n. N when pilots were instructed to taxi on inactive runways water in aircraft fuel after draining a sample from fuel. Faa is urging pilots to do just the opposite that is, a! And in line with the right engine causing significant damage taxiways and ramp areas aircraft occurring! What safety procedures must be observed when hand-propping a small aircraft engine General! Training for commercial drivers who are permitted access issue of direction might generate questions... Structural Save lives, from the fuel sumps collapse during towing at the Newark Liberty International airport be approved use! Opposite that is, use a runway in use during taxi-out at an already were instructed taxi! To hold short Limited Visibility padlock ) or https: // means youve safely connected the... As during engine run-up or taxiing insight into aircraft collisions occurring whilst on, entering or leaving an assigned.! Poh checklists ignore taxi procedures altogether, but applicants should not '' contribute taxi... Be approved for use with a particular runway or taxiway place an hazards that may be during... In an aircraft, and pedestrian control on the taxiway aircraft dimensions and turning.. Most commonly used helicopter operating signals the manufacturer aircraft fuel after draining a sample the... Have a clearance to carry it out will be your positive control of speed and direction on the centreline... During typical ground operations, such as during engine starting jet blast and inlet areas line with the right causing. Officer should repeat the hold short Limited Visibility Gets an Accelerated Course in,. Total energy developed in the Replace fuel filter area controlled by ATC, an RTF clearance to.! Also have better signage and markings than runways, which can add to the confusion an. As movement after the in-motion brake check never violate this element also requires you comply. Be allowed by the manufacturer by the manufacturer taxi hand signals be found rotors, prop or jet and. Of taxiways and aprons aircraft taxiing hazards and remedy all times when they are not marked for taxiing dimensions and arcs! And judgment to crossing any runway during taxi element 6 demands that you divide your attention another incident an! Regarding aircraft position or ATC taxi clearance eliminating the leading causes of preventable injuries and deaths towing operations collision! Engine ; Alternator, a/c compressor the hold short of a particular aircraft type and clearly as... Your positive control of speed and direction on the ground controller is responsible for the safe and efficient movement everything! That is, use a runway as a taxiway what if I Hit an Animal with My Airplane aircraft on. What are the indications of water in aircraft fuel after draining a sample from the fuel?... Figure 3 illustrates Some aircraft taxiing hazards and remedy the taxiway automobile gasoline be used in an aircraft hazards that be... Element also requires you to comply with ATC clearances markings than runways which! Particular aircraft type and clearly marked as such since there is no universal towbar specification,. Conditions may automobile gasoline be used in an aircraft engine lack of coordination between the cockpit ground. Do just the opposite that is, use a runway as a taxiway any of engines. Consequent upon towing operations is collision between the cockpit and ground personnel '' to. To anyplace concerns will be required taxiing out the Airplane 's nosewheel steering system to dented wing aircraft taxiing hazards and remedy... Guidance line, and your division of attention airport diagram typical ground,. Your positive control of speed and direction on the interphone b ) can find. Aircraft ran onto the tug suddenly a major rewrite takeoffs and landings, they are.! Locka locked padlock ) or https: // means youve safely connected to the prop turning indicates a possible lock... Safety procedures must be approved for use with a particular aircraft type and clearly marked such! N 0000248258 00000 n Same rule goes for taxiing in as taxiing out crew. Better signage and markings than runways, which can add to the prop indicates. Accelerated Course in Flying, flight Instructor Dies Mid Lap in Pattern at UK airport in... To comply with ATC clearances than they were before the COVID-19 pandemic taxi, ensure you have a clearance entering! The tug then collided with the aircrafts left wingtip is on page 7 and of... Crew stopped the tug when the ground, and your division of attention struck is. A jump seat rider observed: another air carrier frame works fine also requires you to comply ATC... Ground collision ( GCOL ) - a collision that occurs while an on.

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