[276][277], The remaining Carthaginian territories were annexed by Rome and reconstituted to become the Roman province of Africa with Utica as its capital. As many as 50,000 Roman citizens and another 350,000 allies had been killed . The Carthaginians hoped to appease the Romans, but despite the Carthaginians surrendering all of their weapons, the . . - The Punic Wars were the reason Rome . [251], Under the pressure of the war, the Romans developed an increasingly effective system of logistics to equip and feed the unprecedented numbers of soldiers they field. Ben Kiernan. [30], Most male Roman citizens were eligible for military service and would serve as infantry, with a better-off minority providing a cavalry component. The Mamertini appealed to both Rome and Carthage, and the Carthaginians, arriving first, occupied Messana and effected a reconciliation with Hieron. [10] The details of the war in modern sources are largely based on interpretations of Polybius's account. These wars were fought on three frontiers. "Punic" comes from the Latin "Punicus" which was the Roman word for Phoenicians and the Carthaginians were considered Phoenicians. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included. Why are legends and myths used to explain the founding of Rome? Rome's army gained new soldiers from conquered territories. Which natural feature is the closest to the city of Rome? [209], Up to 215BC Sicily remained firmly in Roman hands, blocking the ready seaborne reinforcement and resupply of Hannibal from Carthage. When an epidemic spreads beyond a countrys borders, thats when the disease officially becomes a pandemic. Land operations were largely confined to raids, sieges and interdiction; in 23 years of war on Sicily there were only two full-scale pitched battles. The Punic Wars were caused by the competing interests of Carthage and Rome. [161] A Roman fleet carrying the Iberian-bound army landed at Rome's ally Massalia (modern Marseille) at the mouth of the Rhone,[162] but Hannibal evaded the Romans and they continued to Iberia. Rome's army gained new soldiers from conquered territories. How did Cincinnatus exercise his civic duty? and 146 B.C., spanning a time period of over 118 years. [100] The Carthaginians attacked and recaptured Akragas in 255BC, but not believing they could hold the city they razed and abandoned it. Carthage and its HarbourThe Creative Assembly (Copyright). The new allies increased the number of places that Hannibal's army was expected to defend from Roman retribution, but provided relatively few fresh troops to assist him in doing so. The Punic Wars were a series of wars between 264 and 146BC fought between Rome and Carthage. [106][107], Slowly the Romans had occupied most of Sicily; in 250BC they besieged the last two Carthaginian strongholds Lilybaeum and Drepana in the extreme west. The propertied class was faced with loss of property - although their farms were protected while they were serving in the army, the large landoners stole much of the common land . The treaties of friendship between Rome and Carthage were based mainly on trade. Carthage was compelled to give up its fleet and pay a significant indemnity to Rome in silver as a result of Hannibals defeats in the Second Punic War, effectively ending Carthages empire in the western Mediterranean and giving Rome control over Spain.What effect did the Punic wars have on small Roman farmers?By the end of the Second Punic War, much of the land had been destroyed; small farmers could not afford to restore the land; Patricians and wealthy businesspeople bought small farms and combined them to make latifundias. [279] Numerous large Punic cities, such as those in Mauretania, were taken over by the Romans,[280] although they were permitted to retain their Punic system of government. [19] Goldsworthy writes "Polybius' account is usually to be preferred when it differs with any of our other accounts". The World History Encyclopedia logo is a registered trademark. For each word in the chart, identify a synonym - a word with the same denotation. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). They led to the Roman Republic controlling much of the Mediterranean world, to the ruin of a great North African civilization, and to many modern people speaking a Latin-based or Latin-influenced language. See also why doesn't earth fall into the sun Many historians believe that if Hannibal had pressed on and taken Rome, the second Punic war would have swung heavily in favor of the Carthaginians. The end of the First Punic War saw the beginning of the Roman expansion beyond the Italian peninsula. Why did Cicero speak out against Julius Caesar? Carthage was also forced to give up its fleet and pay a large indemnity in silver to Rome. . [119] Goldsworthy describes Roman manpower losses as "appalling". [129][130] Hamilcar Barca, a veteran of the campaigns in Sicily, was given joint command of the army in 240BC and supreme command in 239BC. When asked why by his teacher Polybius, he replied, A glorious moment, Polybius; but I have a dread foreboding that some day the same doom will be pronounced on my own country., Imagining the eventual fall of Rome, he then quoted an ancient line from Homer: A day will come when sacred Troy shall perish, and Priam and his people shall be slain.. How did the results of the First Punic War lead to the Second Punic War? As they had gone to war without Rome's approval, the Roman senate considered Carthage a threat to the peace again. Did you know? The Carthaginian's superior seamanship was not as effective as they had hoped, while the Romans' corvus gave them an edge as the battle degenerated into a shapeless brawl. [94] The Roman fleet, in turn, was devastated by a storm while returning to Italy, losing most of its ships and more than 100,000 men. According to the historian Will Durant: Worn out almost equally, the two nations rested for nine years. New territories increased Rome's wealth, as Rome gained access to new resources. [173][174] The Romans stationed an army at Arretium and one on the Adriatic coast to block Hannibal's advance into central Italy. Which statement best describes Julius Caesar's legacy? A gross breach of the treaty was perpetrated when a Roman force was sent to occupy Sardinia, whose insurgent garrison had offered to surrender the island (238). His grandnephew became the first person to rule as emperor. |-|-|-|-| Roman trade slowed after Rome took over Carthage. As the Punic Wars ended, the surviving 50,000 citizens of Carthage were sold into slavery. They limited the power of the patrician class. [55] Many battles were decided when one side's infantry force was attacked in the flank or rear and they were partially or wholly enveloped. [122] Polybius regarded the war as "the longest, most continuous and most severely contested war known to us in history". We care about our planet! What was the significance of the Punic Wars for Rome? They made it easier to move troops to conflict areas. [58] So ubiquitous was the type that Polybius uses it as a shorthand for "warship" in general. The Punic Wars: (264-241, 218-202, 149-146 B.C.). How did the Greeks influence religion in Rome? Two of the major Samnite tribes also joined the Carthaginian cause. Pennsylvania State University. Senators were worried that Caesar would try to become a king or emperor. In 205BC this war ended with a negotiated peace. Rome and Carthage fought in the Punic Wars. Carthage's new allies felt little sense of community with Carthage, or even with each other. They went to war against Numidia, were defeated, and had to then pay that nation another war debt. In most circumstances Carthage recruited foreigners to make up its army. The United States gave the executive branch the power to veto laws. Rome and Carthage . Punic Wars, also called Carthaginian Wars, (264-146 bce), a series of three wars between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) empire, resulting in the destruction of Carthage, the enslavement of its population, and Roman hegemony over the western Mediterranean. The farmers were known as the backbone of Rome at the time. wars in producing this important change in what may be called, in a broad sense, the Roman philosophy of life. Why are the Punic wars seen as a pivotal turning point in Roman development? The Punic Wars provided Rome with the training, the navy, and the wealth to expand from a small city to an empire which would rule the known world. The infantry from these areas were unarmoured troops who would charge ferociously, but had a reputation for breaking off if a combat was protracted. 1 / 29. Rome won all three wars. That's what makes the Punic Wars so difficult to understand. How did the punic wars affect rome? Rome also established itself as the naval powerhouse in the Mediterranean Sea.What was the long term economic effect of the Punic wars on Rome?Roman resources were depleted as a result of the loss of territory during the Punic Wars.What were the main effects of the Punic Wars?Punic Wars, also known as Carthaginian Wars, occurred between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) empire from 264 to 146 bce. [note 7][44][49], Garrison duty and land blockades were the most common operations. The Carthaginian territories were taken over as the Roman province of Africa. Punic Wars, or Carthaginian Wars, Three wars (264-241, 218-201, 149-146 bce) between Rome and Carthage. Hannibal's battle strategy, more well known as his "razed earth strategy" damaged the country side. By the time the Third Punic War was over, Carthage was no longer a political or military power of note. [267] Hasdrubal had Roman prisoners tortured to death on the walls, in view of the Roman army. Traditionally, when at war the Romans would raise two legions, each of 4,200 infantry[note 4] and 300 cavalry. [42][56], Quinqueremes, meaning "five-oarsmen",[57] provided the workhorses of the Roman and Carthaginian fleets throughout the Punic Wars. [17] Modern historians usually take into account the writings of various Roman annalists, some contemporary; the Sicilian Greek Diodorus Siculus; and the later Roman historians[14] Plutarch, Appian,[note 2] and Dio Cassius. [115] Evidence of Carthage's financial situation includes their request for a 2,000-talent loan[note 9] from Ptolemaic Egypt, which was refused. For the purpose of this article the focus will be primarily on the conflict in the Italian peninsular . [259] This done, the Romans demanded the Carthaginians burn their city and relocate at least 16 kilometres (10mi) from the sea; the Carthaginians broke off negotiations and set to recreating their armoury. 44,000 Roman soldiers died at Cannae compared with 6000 of Hannibal's forces. In 151BC Carthage raised an army, the treaty notwithstanding, and counterattacked the Numidians. Read the passage from the myth of Romulus and Remus.The founding of Rome revolves around two orphan boys named Romulus and Remus. [131] To prevent this, in 240BC Spendius tortured 700 Carthaginian prisoners to death and henceforth the war was pursued with great brutality. . Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Historians of Ancient Rome an Anthology of the Major Writings Third Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike, The corruption and incompetence of her government, which embezzled funds which should have gone to the military and consistently refused to send much needed supplies and reinforcements to generals in the field, The mostly mercenary army who often simply refused to fight, An over-reliance on the brilliance of Hamilcar Barca. Carthage was also to pay Rome a war debt of 200 talents every year for fifty years. Punic wars helped Rome consolidate its power, increase its wealth, and boost its reputation, all of which served to demonstrate its superiority over other areas.What was the outcome of the first Punic War?Rome gained control of all of the Carthaginian lands on Sicily after Carthage agreed to terms in the first Punic War, which was settled in 241 BC. "|held in deep respect|sacred| [42][52] More formal battles were usually preceded by the two armies camping twotwelve kilometres (17 miles) apart for days or weeks; sometimes both forming up in battle order each day. [206], During 216BC the Macedonian king, Philip V, pledged his support to Hannibal,[207] initiating the First Macedonian War against Rome in 215BC. What did the Senate order Julius Caesar to do following the death of Crassus? [204] Hannibal repeatedly defeated Roman armies, in 209BC both consuls were killed in a cavalry skirmish. This breach of the recently signed treaty is considered by modern historians to be the single greatest cause of war with Carthage breaking out again in 218BC in the Second Punic War. This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. How were plebeians and enslaved persons similar in Roman society? But wherever his main army was not active the Romans threatened Carthaginian-supporting towns or sought battle with Carthaginian or Carthaginian-allied detachments; frequently with success. How did Julius Caesar influence the Roman leaders who came after him? - The Roman general Scipio Africanus defeated the Carthaginians in the Second Punic War. One of those disinherited was the Numidian prince Masinissa, who was thus driven into the arms of Rome. [62][63], In 260BC Romans set out to construct a fleet and used a shipwrecked Carthaginian quinquereme as a blueprint for their own. Its most famous eruption took place in the year 79 A.D., when it buried the city of Pompeii under a thick carpet of volcanic ash. This war would rage on for over twenty years and feature some of the most significant naval battles of the ancient world. He was reinforcing the will to resist in the Carthaginian citizens; from this point there could be no possibility of negotiations. Sources other than Polybius are discussed by Bernard Mineo in "Principal Literary Sources for the Punic Wars (apart from Polybius)". They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Wars of the fall of the Western Roman Empire, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Punic_Wars&oldid=1135825581, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 27 January 2023, at 02:31. Rome underwent economic changes that resulted in the establishment of the practice of Roman aristocrats paying extra costs of the war in exchange for an exemption from military service. Carthage continued paying the war debt to Rome for the agreed upon fifty years and, when it was done, considered their treaty with Rome completed also. Advertisement. The first concerned control of Sicily and of the sea lanes in the western Mediterranean; it ended with Rome victorious but with great loss of ships and men on both sides. To the south of the border of the Ebro lay the city of Saguntum, a Roman ally, and, in 218 BCE, Hannibal lay siege to the city and took it. Omissions? [266][268] With no Carthaginian army in the field those cities which had remained loyal went over to the Romans or were captured. How did the expansion of the Roman Republic affect small farmers? The boys' mother was murdered by an evil king named Amulius. [236] Later the same year a mutiny broke out among Roman troops, which attracted support from Iberian leaders, disappointed that Roman forces had remained in the peninsula after the expulsion of the Carthaginians, but it was effectively put down by Scipio. Roman traders caught in Carthaginian waters were drowned and their ships taken. [174] Hannibal hoped some of these allies could be persuaded to defect and marched south hoping to win over Roman allies among the ethnic Greek and Italic states. Raising fresh troops to replace these delayed the army's departure for Iberia until September. - In the First Punic War, Rome gained control of Sicily. These wars are collectively called the Punic Wars. Seeing the crying babies, she took pity on them. In 255, under Xanthippus command, they offered battle to Regulus, who had taken up position with an inadequate force near Tunis, outmaneuvered him, and destroyed the bulk of his army. [171][172] Only 10,000 Romans out of 42,000 were able to cut their way to safety. [275] There is a tradition that Roman forces then sowed the city with salt, but this has been shown to have been a 19th-century invention. He established conditions for future expansion. Why did the Roman Republic have two consuls? How did class conflict shape the Roman Republic? [109][110] They launched a surprise attack on the Carthaginian fleet, but were defeated at the battle of Drepana; Carthage's greatest naval victory of the war. Hannibal kept his oath and devoted his life to defeating Rome. Were the Punic Wars good or bad for Rome? "|shift or raise with great effort; throw|violent; painful| The Carthaginian formation collapsed; Hannibal was one of the few to escape the field. Texan Reacts-Extra History's Punic Wars #3 How did the Punic Wars affect the development of the Roman Empire? He died by his own hand, drinking poison, in 184 BCE, aged sixty-seven. All Rights Reserved. First Punic War, also called First Carthaginian War, (264-241 bce) first of three wars between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) empire that resulted in the destruction of Carthage. The Romans incorporated many Greek gods into their religion. Several different "talents" are known from antiquity. Which social reform was achieved under Caesar? World History Encyclopedia. Carthage was Phoenician city founded in 814 BC, and the term Punic relates to the Latin and Greek words for Phoenician. Answer: A result of the first Punic War and the Romans was the decisive naval victory against the Carthaginians at the Aegate Islands. By the time the First Punic War broke out, Rome had become the dominant power throughout the Italian peninsula, while Carthagea powerful city-state in North Africahad established itself as the leading maritime power in the world. When Hiero II (r. 270-215 BCE) of neighboring Syracuse fought against the Mamertines of Messina, the Mamertines asked first Carthage and then Rome for help. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. This was not popular with parts of the Roman army, public and senate, since he avoided battle while Italy was being devastated by the enemy. [2] He is best known for The Histories, written sometime after 146BC. Omissions? [59] A quinquereme carried a crew of 300: 280 oarsmen and 20 deck crew and officers. His aim was to join his forces with those of Hannibal, but Hannibal was unaware of his presence. The agricultural population of ancient Rome consists of a powerful class of large landowners, the patricians, and a more populous class of farmers and small landowners called plebeians. He struck without warning up and down the coast of Italy destroying Roman outposts and cutting supply lines. From which body of water did Rome get fresh water for drinking and agriculture? The Roman senator Cato the Elder took the threat so seriously that he would end all of his speeches, no matter the subject, with the phrase, And, further, I think that Carthage should be destroyed. In 149 BCE Rome sent an embassy to Carthage suggesting exactly that course: that the city should be dismantled and moved inland away from the coast. In 264 B.C., Rome decided to intervene in a dispute on the western coast of the island of Sicily (then a Carthaginian province) involving an attack by soldiers from the city of Syracuse against the city of Messina. In response, Roman advisers were sent to train his soldiers= and he waged war against the Carthaginian ally Gala. The Carthaginians hastily collected a relief force, but in a battle fought off the Aegates Insulae (Egadi Islands), west of Drepana, their fleet was caught at a disadvantage and mostly sunk or captured (March 10, 241). In 149 B.C., after Carthage technically broke its treaty with Rome by declaring war against the neighboring state of Numidia, the Romans sent an army to North Africa, beginning the Third Punic War. [121] This new fleet effectively blockaded the Carthaginian garrisons. The most reliable source for Punic Wars[note 1] is the historian Polybius (c.200 c.118 BC), a Greek sent to Rome in 167BC as a hostage. With the Punic Wars, they got all the resources they needed from the Republic and from the Carthaginians. Mark, Joshua J.. "Punic Wars." Both were wealthy cities competing for land. |revered|"Obedience is revered. There is scholarly debate as to whether Saguntum was a formal Roman ally, in which case attacking it may have been a breach of the clause in the Treaty of Lutatius prohibiting attacking each others allies; or whether the city had less formally requested Rome's protection, and possibly been granted it. Sign up for our free weekly email newsletter! During the long 23 years of conflict, Rome lost over 600 ships, Carthage at least 500. The Storm Before the Storm: The Beginning of the End of the Roman Republic. the mountain range in the center of the peninsula. Disputes over what territory led to the First Punic War between Rome and Carthage? He shrewdly combined military read more, Located just east of the Roman Forum, the massive stone amphitheater known as the Colosseum was commissioned around A.D. 70-72 by Emperor Vespasian of the Flavian dynasty as a gift to the Roman people. [192] Toni aco del Hoyo describes the Trebia, Lake Trasimene and Cannae as the three "great military calamities" suffered by the Romans in the first three years of the war. [85] In 258BC a Roman fleet defeated a smaller Carthaginian fleet at the battle of Sulci off the western coast of Sardinia. [76], After this the land war on Sicily reached a stalemate as the Carthaginians focused on defending their well-fortified towns and cities; these were mostly on the coast and so could be supplied and reinforced without the Romans being able to use their superior army to interfere. [244] Hannibal attempted to use 80 elephants to break into the Roman infantry formation, but the Romans countered them effectively and they routed back through the Carthaginian ranks. Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms. This battle confirmed Roman dominance in Italy and marked the end of their Fabian strategy. Punic Wars, also known as Carthaginian Wars, occurred between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) empire from 264 to 146 bce. According to Polybius and Livy in their histories of Rome, Hamilcar Barca, who died in 229 B.C., made his younger son Hannibal swear a blood oath against Rome when he was just a young boy. But while in those years Carthage did nothinga number of Roman citizens voluntarily presented to the state a fleet of 200 men-of-war, carrying 60,000 troops. The boys decided to build a city where the wolf had fed them. 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