Altair is in the constellation Aquila. How in the world did they know this? Thus we know that the celestial bodies are spherical.[19]. Eleven members of the Liu family followed in his place as effective emperors until 6 ce (a 12th briefly occupied the throne as a puppet). The astronomical table of sines by the Indian astronomer and mathematician Aryabhata was translated into the Chinese astronomical and mathematical book Treatise on Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era (Kaiyuan Zhanjing), compiled in 718CE during the Tang dynasty. Pan Tchao (32-102 p.C. 133134, Deane, Thatcher E. Instruments and Observations at the Imperial Astronomical Bureau during the Ming Dynasty pg. [14] The ancient Chinese astronomer Shi Shen (fl. The light pouring forth from the sun (tang jih chih chhung kuang) does not always reach the moon owing to the obstruction (pi) of the earth itselfthis is called 'an-hs', a lunar eclipse. As a potter, Thou hast made all living things. Astronomers took note of "guest stars", usually supernovas or comets, which appear among the fixed stars. From the sixth hour until the ninth hour darkness came over all the land. Mark 15:33. for we have seen his star in the east, and are come to worship him., From the sixth hour until the ninth hour darkness came over all the land, on the day of Bing Yin of the fourth month of Jian Wu, The sins of all the people are now on one man. Dong was a scholar and minor official who aggregated the ethical Confucian ideas of ritual, filial piety, and harmonious relationships with the five phases (the natural cycles that governed Heaven, Earth, and Man) and yin-yang cosmologies. [34] However, the impact on Chinese astronomy was limited. These artifacts are examples of an astronomical-divination. The work was composed by Ban Gu (32-92 CE), an Eastern Han court official, with the help of his sister Ban Zhao . The Manga Guide to the Universe by Kenji Ishikawa, Kiyoshi Kawabata, Verte Corp. Science and Technology in World History: An Introduction, "Gupta, R. C.: Indian Astronomy in China During Ancient Times. He is considered the father of Chinese historiography for his work, the Records of the Grand Historian, a Jizhuanti-style () general history of China, covering more than two thousand years from the Yellow Emperor to his time, during the reign of Emperor Wu of Han. The extended appearance of this comet indicates that this is of great importance." - Astronomy Records of the Book of the Han Dynasty The map was drawn on paper and represents the complete sky, with more than 1,350 stars. The Chinese Sky During the Han: Constellating Stars and Society. The pictures that form the word boat from left to right are boat = vessel + eight + people. The Chiefs of the Clepsydras receive six piculs, and the Calendar Officers and Observers both have five and a half piculs. A mouth in Chinese is used to symbolize a person. [] there came wise men from the east to Jerusalem, saying, Where is he that is born King of the Jews? The most famous cultural achievement of the Han Dynasty was the Records of the Grand Historian written by Sima Qian between about 109 and 91 BC.. The Book of the Later Han, also known as the History of the Later Han and by its Chinese name Hou Hanshu (Chinese: ), is one of the Twenty-Four Histories and covers the history of the Han dynasty from 6 to 189 CE, a period known as the Later or Eastern Han. The textbearing strips, mostly of wood, are exceptionally long: they record the number of each column, as well as displaying the name and number of each section of text when rolled up. [44] However, records indicate that the majority of work the Astronomical Bureaus did was simply recording the movements of the stars and planets. In the late period of the Ming dynasty, the agricultural scientist and mathematician Xu Guangqi (1562 1633 CE) introduced 23 additional constellations near to the Celestial South Pole, which are based on star catalogues from the West (see Matteo Ricci). The fact that he and astronomers knew Christ was God is shown in Chinese historical records dated around A.D 31. Detailed records of astronomical observations were kept from about the sixth century B.C.E. Other scholars of the time, including Liu Xin and Yang Xiong also worked on continuations of Sima's history. [34] However, Copernican views were not widespread or wholly accepted in China during this time. The Holy Spirit sent Paul and the apostles of His church throughout the ancient world to preach the Gospel, yet it always seemed that ancient China was overlooked. [44] Calendrical recordings greatly attracted Confucian scholars, which widened interest into this subject, and thus into astronomy and divination. The inventor of the hydraulic-powered armillary sphere was Zhang Heng (78139CE) of the Han dynasty. The completed work ran to a total of 100 fascicles , and included essays on law, science, geography, and literature. BCE) Oracle Texts and Ritual Bronzes . The Han dynasty a series of rulers from a single family. Fortunately, two versions of Su Song's treatise written on his clock tower have survived the ages, so that studying his astronomical clock tower is made possible through medieval texts. Beijing: World Book Company, 2006. 131, Deane, Thatcher E. Instruments and Observations at the Imperial Astronomical Bureau during the Ming Dynasty pg. Yin and Yang have mistakenly switched, and the sun and moon were eclipsed. [2005] (2005). [19], The earliest development of the armillary sphere in China goes back to the 1st century BCE,[20] as they were equipped with a primitive single-ring armillary instrument. The telescope was first mentioned in Chinese writing by Manuel Dias the Younger (Yang Manuo), who wrote his Tian Wen Le in 1615. also survive. Sima Qian, one of China''s greatest historians, wrote his famous Records of the Great Historian (Shiji) during this time. An outstanding scholar in her own right, she is thought to have written volumes 1320 (eight chronological tables) and 26 (treatise on astronomy), the latter with the help of Ma Xu. An astronomical text recovered from Tomb no.3 in Mawangdui contains images and descriptions of 29 different comets. The astronomer Guo Shoujin of the Yuan dynasty (12791368CE) created a new catalogue, which was believed to contain thousands of stars. The one in Beijing Ancient Observatory was made by Belgian missionary Ferdinand Verbiest () in 1673CE. It was one of the first attempts in China to record the past in a book form. The occupation of astronomer during these times relied less on discovery and more on the use of astronomy. The Chinese used a lunisolar calendar, but as the cycles of the Sun and the Moon are different, leap months had to be inserted regularly. A crucial aspect of this mechanism was that it was oriented along the northsouth meridian line, which allowed it to show the local noon. Taken from Astronomy Records of the Book of the Han Dynasty. "The Astronomical Bureau in Ming China" pg. I, pp. The Han Dynasty (202 BCE - 220 CE) was the second dynasty of Imperial China (the era of centralized, dynastic government, 221 BCE - 1912 CE) which established the paradigm for all succeeding dynasties up through 1912 CE. Ferdinand Augustin Hallerstein (Liu Songling) created the first spherical astrolabe as the Head of the Imperial Astronomical Bureau from 1739 until 1774. When observing, astronomers would aim at the star with the sighting tube, whereupon the star's position could be deciphered by observing the dials of the equatorial ring and the right ascension double ring. Later other deities and ancestral worship were added in addition to Shangdi, but China began as a monotheistic people. The Han Dynasty actually consists of two separate dynasties. The Jesuit China missions of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries brought Western astronomy, then undergoing its own revolution, to China andvia Joo Rodrigues's gifts to Jeong Duwonto Joseon Korea. It is regarded as one of the "Four Histories" of the Twenty-Four Histories canon, together with the Records of the Grand Historian, Records of the Three Kingdoms and History of the Later Han. Zhang Heng also published his work Ling Xian, a summary of different astronomical theories in China at the time. As engraven on the heart of Thy poor servant is the sense of Thy goodness, so that my feeling cannot be fully displayed. Wheelbarrows and kites were invented. 3. Hence, this is the oldest chart of the skies at present. And like supernovae, we also have historical records from other cultures regarding comets. until the introduction of Western astronomy and the telescope in the sixteenth century. Sun, Xiaochun and Jacob Kistemaker. The . . Sun, Xiaochun. Of course Jesus. I am totally elated to realize the Chinese nation know the One & Holy YHWH and worshipped Him too! The Book of the Later Han, also known as the History of the Later Han and by its Chinese name Hou Hanshu ( Chinese: ), is one of the Twenty-Four Histories and covers the history of the Han dynasty from 6 to 189 CE, a period known as the Later or Eastern Han. - A.D. 220. They believed comets, eclipses, and other unusual celestial events were ominous signs that could be used to predict future disasters. "Besides all written records, we can learn more about social reforms . On the Reliability of Han Dynasty Solar Eclipse Records. This accurately reflects the number of people who were in Noahs Ark. The Western Han Dynasty (206BC - 24AD) was regarded as the first unified and powerful empire in Chinese history. The later Song dynasty scientist Shen Kuo (10311095 CE) used the models of lunar eclipse and solar eclipse in order to prove that the celestial bodies were round, not flat. Following that was two Calendar Officials, eight Observers of Sunrise, and six Professors of the Clepsydra. Han Dynasty Achievement in Literature- Records of the Grand Historian. Unlike other Chinese celestial globes, it employs 360 degrees rather than the 365.24 degrees (which is a standard in ancient China). Under the pressure of international public discontent, Germany returned the instrument to China. It is clear that Christ did not hide Himself from the Chinese people. (1997). From ancient times, landscapes and bodies of water were thought to direct the flow of the universal Qi - "cosmic . [36] The Jesuits (such as Giacomo Rho) later introduced Tycho's geoheliocentric model as the standard cosmological model. Download Free PDF View PDF Sur les monnaies sassanides trouves en . Sure enough, in the year 5 B.C., Chinese astronomers noted the appearance of a "Broom Star" that many . The Han Dynasty was the second imperial dynasty in Chinese history. There were fourteen of them. Now it is known that the earliest records of sunspots were made in 28 BC by Chinese astronomers during the reign of Emperor Cheng of theWestern Han Dynasty. 1938-55, The History of the Former Han Dynasty , 3 vols. It contains a few references to events occurring after the death of Emperor An, including a brief account of the arrival of the first official envoys from Rome in 166.[4]. Fan Ye used earlier histories, including accounts by Sima Qian and Ban Gu, along with many others (some had similar names, such as the Han Records of the Eastern Lodge by various contemporaries throughout the 2nd century, and the Records of Later Han by Yuan Hong from the 4th century), most of which did not survive intact. [50], The Yuan Gnomon is a shadow casting instrument used to measure the position of the sun. This made him a hero and he was appointed as leader. Great and small are sheltered [by Thee]. They created atlases depicting the shapes of 29 different types of comets as well as the accurate positions of Venus, Jupiter, and Saturn. http://chinesenotes.com/houhanshu/houhanshu003.html, I'm an ordained minister and author from Charleston, SC. Courier Dover Publications. [16] Jing Fang wrote: The moon and the planets are Yin; they have shape but no light. Hanshu Kuiguan by Yang Shuda[9] is a modern commentary. Notable works that helped preserve the contents include: Wu Xian () has been one of the astronomers in debate. It records 230 years of history from the first year of Emperor Gaozu in Han dynasty(206 B.C.) Shen Kuo and Wei Pu charted the exact coordinates of the planets on a star map for this project and created theories of planetary motion, including retrograde motion. When a commoner named Liu Bang became the first emperor of the Han Dynasty in 206 B.C., it was the start of a . Western Han Dynasty, from 206 BCE-8/9 CE, and the later, Eastern Han Dynasty, from 25-220 CE. The Chief Clepsydra Officer looks after the CLepsydra, along with the Clepsydra professor, who then tell the Sunrise Announcer when sunrise and sunset would occur. Christs resurrection also apparently caused a celestial event that was observable. Altair was observed for about 70 days. Three days after the eclipse this was recorded by Chinese astronomers: During the reign of Emperor Guang Wu, on the day of Bing Yin of the fourth month of Jian Wu, a haloa rainbowencircled the sun. History of Latter Han, Annals No. These books appeared to have lasted until the sixth century, but were lost after that. The telescope was introduced to China in the early seventeenth century. However, the most detailed incorporation of Indian astronomy occurred only during the Tang dynasty (618907), when a number of Chinese scholarssuch as Yi Xingwere versed in both astronomy. History of Latter Han, Annals, No. . Many ancient cultures from both the Western and Eastern hemispheres have stories of a world-wide flood. Shang dynasty records kept on oracle bones date from about 1500 BCE. The meanings of the names are still under discussion. [21] It is of great importance to note that the world's first hydraulic (i.e., water-powered) armillary sphere was created by Zhang Heng, who operated his by use of an inflow clepsydra clock (see Zhang's article for more detail). 144, Deane, Thatcher E. Instruments and Observations at the Imperial Astronomical Bureau during the Ming Dynasty pg. The Book of Han or Han Shu, also known as Book of Former Han, is one of the "Twenty-Four Histories".It was compiled by Ban Gu, a historian and scholar in the Eastern Han Dynasty. However, it does not appear to be very accurate. Sacrifices were made in the Temple of Heaven which contained Shangdis throne. In this way, Ban Gu initiated the Jizhuanti () format for dynastic histories that was to remain the model for the official histories until modern times. [4] Other chapters have been rendered into English by A. F. P. Hulsew, Clyde B. Sargent, Nancy Lee Swann, and Burton Watson. The Emperor functioned not only as ruler but also as high priest. It was also during the Six Dynasties that the great aristocratic families began to arise in Chinese society. New York: Columbia University Press, 1961. How do we know this? Fan Ye's primary source was the Dongguan Han Ji (; "Han Records of the Eastern Lodge"), which was written during the Han dynasty itself.[2]. Each dragon held a ball in his mouth. Altair is one of the brightest stars in the Chinese sky. Oracle bones dating to the Shang Dynasty (about 1800-1200 B.C.E.) "Sure Guidance for One's Own Time: Pan Ku and the Tsan to, This page was last edited on 18 February 2023, at 11:12. The people of Japan make their first unambiguous appearance in written history in this book (Book of Han, Volume 28, Treatise on Geography), in which it is recorded, "The people of Wo are located across the ocean from Lelang Commandery, are divided into more than one hundred tribes, and come to offer tribute from time to time." Dong's synthesis justified the imperial system of government within the natural order of the universe. Taken from Astronomy Records of the Book of the Han Dynasty. Thy sovereign goodness is infinite. "The Astronomical Bureau in Ming China" pg. The Ch'in and Han Empires 221 B.C. [45], In regards to the specific jobs each position does, the Chief Officials of the Five Agencies would fix the calendar and the time of the seasons, along with the Calendar Officials and Astronomers. Liu C Y. 1, Chronicles of Emperor Guang Wu, 7th year. Noah was alive during the time of the first Chinese dynasty. [37] The Chinese often were fundamentally opposed to this as well, since the Chinese had long believed (from the ancient doctrine of Xuan Ye) that the celestial bodies floated in a void of infinite space. Includes volumes 1-12. Although these translations are lost, they were also mentioned in other The practice of astronomy in China was fundamentally changed by extended contact with Western astronomy. For the story of its construction was related in a celebrated chronicle of ancient Chinese history, whose title is usually translated into English as Records of the Grand Historian or Records of the Scribe, written on bamboo strips by the Grand Historian (also known as Grand Astrologer) at the court of Emperor Wu of the Han dynasty, Sima Qian . God is not confined to our knowledge or our understanding of how He works. In 1669, the Peking observatory was completely redesigned and refitted under the direction of Ferdinand Verbiest. The comments of both Yan Shigu (581645) and Su Lin are included in the Palace Edition. Wang, Yu-ch'uan. Vishveshvaranand Indological Journal, XIX, 266276, p. 270 (1981)", Boundaries Crossing: Western Astronomy in Confucian China, 16001800, Homepage of the National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese astronomy at the University of Maine, Virtual exhibition about Joseph-Nicolas Delisle and oriental astronomy, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_astronomy&oldid=1138310377, Despite having the name credited to Shi and Gan, it was lost and later compiled circa 579CE as an appendix to the Treatise on Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era, and summarized in the book, The Great Firmament Star Manual Common to Astrology, This renamed star manual is incorporated in the. The telescope was introduced from Europe in the seventeenth century. Those parts of the moon which the sun illuminates look bright, those parts which it does not, remain dark.[17]. 145, Science and technology of the Han dynasty, Ancient astronomical records of phenomena like comets. Under the Shang dynasty, there were advances in maths, astronomy, art and military technology. However, Astronomy was considered part of the "small dao", a title used to attempt to discourage Confucian Scholars from studying subjects that while interesting at first, could eventually bog them down. fluid). [39] In contrast, the Copernican view was not accepted in mainstream China until the early nineteenth century, with the Protestant missionaries such as Joseph Edkins, Alex Wylie, and John Fryer.[39]. From then until the late Ming Dynasty in the mid-17th century, Chinese history books recorded more than 100 sunspots. The author postulates that the Chinese New Year likely originated from the Hebrew Passover. This scholarly work uses primary source documents to show that the ancient Chinese and the Hebrews (ancient Israelites), although separated geographically, ethnically, and culturally, had parallel belief systems. Two or more people are treated in one main article, as they belong to the same class of people. On 25 January A.D. 168, Huan-ti (r. 146-168) died, leaving no designated heir. But (in fact) though they may occupy the same degree, the two paths are not (always) near (each other), and so naturally the bodies do not (intrude) upon one another. Pardon is proclaimed to all under heaven. History of Latter Han Dynasty, Volume 1, Chronicles of Emperor Guang Wu, 7th year. This would have allowed them to measure the north polar distance (, the Chinese form of declination) and measurement that gave the position in a hsiu (, the Chinese form of right ascension).[21]. In his Dream Pool Essays of 1088CE, Shen related a conversation he had with the director of the Astronomical Observatory, who had asked Shen if the shapes of the Sun and the Moon were round like balls or flat like fans. Once again we see a similarity to Isaiah 64:8, But now, O Lord, Thou art our Father; we are the clay, and Thou our Potter and we all are the work of Thy hand. Celestial globes were named ("Miriam celestial bodies") in the Qing dynasty. The author unravels ancient China using their own records and breaks down many long-held incorrect Western paradigms. This volume of The Grand Scribe's Records includes the second segment of Han-dynasty memoirs and deals primarily with men who lived and served under Emperor Wu (r. 141-87 B.C.). The supernova which created the Crab Nebula, now known as SN 1054, is an example of an astronomical event observed by Ancient Chinese astronomers. Besides the 28 lunar mansions, most constellations are based on the works of Shi Shen-fu and Gan De, who were astrologists during the period of Warring States (481 BCE 221 BCE) in China. Watson, Burton, trans. "Science in Ancient China p.22-26. In light of Mothers Day which just passed and Fathers Day being right around the corner, I felt this was a timely word for many people. Evidence from the Bible and astronomy suggests that the Star of Bethlehem was a comet which was visible in 5 BC, and described in ancient Chinese records. Started by Su Song () and his colleagues in 1086CE and finished in 1092CE, his large astronomical clock tower featured an armillary sphere (), a celestial globe () and a mechanical chronograph. It is also called the Book of Former Han.. 212, Yung Sik Kim. The "Annals" section and the three chapters covering the reign of Wang Mang were translated into English by Homer H. Precise records of Christ's Birth, Death and Resurrection found in Ancient Chinese Astrological Records . [44] However, when there was a shortage of workers in the Bureau, the Ministry of Rites would scout suitable students and train them on a trial basis. Richard Bulliet, Pamela Crossley, Daniel Headrick, Steven Hirsch, Lyman Johnson, and David Northrup. Each treatise describes an area of effort of the state. Yao appears originally to have been the hero of a myth about astronomy. With great kindness Thou dost bear us, and not withstanding our shortcomings, dost grant us life and prosperity.. [1] It is also called the Book of Former Han. - 1 B.C. Po-lo-men Ying Yang Suan Ching (Brahminical Method of Calculating Time), Deane, Thatcher E. Instruments and Observation at the Imperial Astronomical Bureau during the Ming Dynasty., Yung Sik Kim, Confucian Scholars and Specialized Scientific and Technical Knowledge in Traditional China, 10001700: A Preliminary Overview,, Sun Xiaochun, "Crossing the Boundaries Between Heaven and Man: Astronomy in Ancient China" in, This page was last edited on 9 February 2023, at 00:45. [43] The astronomers also used astronomy to predict invasions or dangerous moments within the empire. [31] These possible influences include a pseudo-geometrical method for converting between equatorial and ecliptic coordinates, the systematic use of decimals in the underlying parameters, and the application of cubic interpolation in the calculation of the irregularity in the planetary motions.[30]. As with the Records of the Grand Historian, Zhang Qian, a notable Chinese general who travelled to the west, was a key source for the cultural and socio-economic data on the Western Regions contained in the 96th fascicle. 03. of 11. 128, Yung Sik Kim. [52], Because of the ideological importance of astronomy regarding politics, and the lack of precision by the instruments, many people believed the observations were false. If Jesus is in your home, then your home is whole. The Chinese translations of the following works are mentioned in the Sui Shu, or Official History of the Sui dynasty (seventh century): Brahman.a Chieh-Chhieh Hsienjen) in 30 books. The section on the Treatise on the Western Regions was based on a report composed by Ban Yong (with a few later additions) and presented to Emperor An of Han in around 125. ): In the second month of the second year, the comet was out of Altair for more than 70 daysIt is said, Comets appear to signify the old being replaced by the new. Altair, the sun, the moon and the five stars are in movement to signify the beginning of a new epoch; The beginning of a new year, a new month and a new dayThe appearance of this comet undoubtedly symbolizes change. The Hanshu Buzhu by Wang Xianqian[8] (18421918) contains notes by a number commentators, including Wang himself. Chronological tables of important people. Traditional portrait of Emperor Wu of Han from an ancient Chinese book. The Book of Han or History of the Former Han (Qin Hn Sh,) is a history of China finished in 111AD, covering the Western, or Former Han dynasty from the first emperor in 206 BCE to the fall of Wang Mang in 23 CE. It is also called the Book of Former Han.. The ancient Greeks had known this as well, since Parmenides and Aristotle supported the theory of the Moon shining because of reflected light. [33] The Muslim astronomer Yang Guangxian was known for his attacks on the Jesuit's astronomical sciences. A second work, the Book of the Later Han covers the Eastern Han period from 25 to 220 CE, and was composed in the fifth century by Fan Ye (398445 CE).[3]. In 1385, the apparatus was installed on a hill in northern Nanjing. In the midst thereof there existed neither forms for sound. When the sun gradually gets further away, the light shines slanting, and the moon is full, round like a bullet. Emperor Taizu (r. 13681398) of the Ming dynasty (13281398), in the first year of his reign (1368), conscripted Han and non-Han astrology specialists from the astronomical institutions in Beijing of the former Mongolian Yuan to Nanjing to become officials of the newly established national observatory. "The Astronomical Bureau in Ming China" pg. [34] In Adam Schall von Bell's Chinese-written treatise of Western astronomy in 1640, the names of Copernicus (Ge-Bai-Ni), Galileo (Jia-li-le), and Tycho Brahe (Di-gu) were formally introduced to China. All things with their reproductive power got their being.. For the periods where they overlapped, Ban Gu adopted nearly verbatim much of Sima Qian's material, though in some cases he also expanded it. Astronomers worked in the two Astronomical Bureaus, both of which underwent many changes throughout the years since their formation. [27] One of these Chinese astronomers was Fu Mengchi, or Fu Mezhai. Altair was observed for about 70 days. After the Galileo affair early in the seventeenth century, the Roman Catholic Jesuit order was required to adhere to geocentrism and ignore the heliocentric teachings of Copernicus and his followers, even though they were becoming standard in European astronomy. (206 BCE-220 CE) reunified China after the civil war following the death of Qin Shihuangdi (chin shir-hwahng-dee) in 210 BCE. . Traditionally, paper was invented in the early 2nd century CE, but there is evidence it was much earlier. Milone, Eugene F. Humiston Kelley, David. $4.00. He is often represented as one of the "Three Schools Astronomical tradition" along with Gan and Shi. Buddhism first reached China during the Eastern Han dynasty, and translation of Indian works on astronomy came to China by the Three Kingdoms era (220265CE). Emperor Yu became the founder of the first Chinese dynasty Xia in 2123 B.C. The Qin Dynasty established the first empire in China, starting with efforts in 230 B.C., during which the Qin leaders engulfed six Zhou Dynasty states. The most famous one is perhaps the Dunhuang map found in Dunhuang, Gansu. The seal itself was discovered in northern Kysh in the 18th century. The Han dynasty astronomer and inventor Zhang Heng (78139CE) not only catalogued some 2500 different stars, but also recognized more than 100 different constellations. Lets fast forward 2,000 years. [17] The Chinese astronomer and inventor Zhang Heng (78139CE) wrote of both solar eclipse and lunar eclipse in the publication of Ling Xian (), 120CE: The sun is like fire and the moon like water. This they receive only when the sun illuminates them. Biographies of important people. *Includes pictures *Includes ancient accounts *Includes online resources and a bibliography for further reading *Includes a table of contents Even before the first Chinese dynasty, complex societies inhabiting the area now known as China organized into settlements, and the most important settlements were protected by rammed earth walls. A generation later, China flourished again under the Eastern Han dynasty (25-220 A.D.), which ruled from Luoyang, a new capital farther east in present-day Henan Province. 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On the Reliability of Han Dynasty, Volume 1, Chronicles of Emperor Gaozu in Han Dynasty series!